火箭推进

喷管延伸段是液体火箭发动机的重要零部件,直接关系到发动机真空比冲性能的高低和其重量特性指标的优劣。近些年来,由于复合材料具有耐热、抗热震性能好、抗疲劳性能好、耐氧化腐蚀以及密度低等优点,复合材料在液体火箭发动机喷管延伸段上得到了越来越广泛的应用。仅在2018年下半年,国内就先后有高室压10 kN复合材料发动机完成某导弹武器飞行和5 000 N复合材料喷管延伸段发动机完成远征三号上面级飞行。通过查阅国内外文献,系统总结了国内外液体火箭发动机用复合材料喷管延伸段的研究及应用现状,综述了复合材料喷管延伸段预制体的一维缠绕成型、三维编织成型以及三维针刺成型技术及其气相法和液相法复合致密化技术,分析了国内的主要差距并提出了发展建议。

The nozzle extension section is an important component of the liquid rocket engine,which directly relates to the specific impulse performance of engine in vacuum and its weight characteristics.In recent years,with the rapid development of composites,it has been more and more widely used in the nozzle extension section of liquid rocket engine due to their advantages of heat resistance,thermal shock resistance,fatigue resistance,anti-oxidation corrosion and low density,etc.Only in the second half of 2018,there were 10 kN composite engine with high chamber pressure to complete a missile weapon flight and 5 000 N composite nozzle extension engine to complete the upper stage flight of YZ-3.According to the related domestic and foreign literature,the research and application status of composites nozzle extension for liquid rocket engine are summarized systematically.The one-dimensional winding,three-dimensional braiding,three-dimensional needle-punching and its gas-phase and liquid-phase composite densification technologies are reviewed for the composite nozzle extension preform.In addition,the main gaps for China is analyzed and some suggestions are put forward for the further development.

引言
1 国外研究及应用现状
2 国内研究及应用现状
3 复合材料喷管延伸段成型技术
4 复合材料喷管复合致密化技术
5 国内发展差距及建议

图1 Ariane上面级HM7发动机及其C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段<br/>Fig.1 HM7 engine of Ariane upper stage with C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图1 Ariane上面级HM7发动机及其C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段
Fig.1 HM7 engine of Ariane upper stage with C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图2 RL10B-2发动机及其C/C复合材料喷管延伸段<br/>Fig.2 RL10B-2 engine with C/C composite nozzle extension

图2 RL10B-2发动机及其C/C复合材料喷管延伸段
Fig.2 RL10B-2 engine with C/C composite nozzle extension

图3 Vinci发动机A段C/SiC延伸段<br/>Fig.3 A cone of Vinci engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图3 Vinci发动机A段C/SiC延伸段
Fig.3 A cone of Vinci engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图4 Vulcain发动机缩比C/SiC喷管延伸段(1:5)<br/>Fig.4 Vulcain engine with subscale C/SiC compositenozzle extension(1:5)

图4 Vulcain发动机缩比C/SiC喷管延伸段(1:5)
Fig.4 Vulcain engine with subscale C/SiC compositenozzle extension(1:5)

图5 Aestus发动机C/SiC喷管延伸段及其真空热试车考核照片<br/>Fig.5 Aestus engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension and its vacuum hot-firing test

图5 Aestus发动机C/SiC喷管延伸段及其真空热试车考核照片
Fig.5 Aestus engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension and its vacuum hot-firing test

图6 10 kN发动机及C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段<br/>Fig.6 10 kN engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图6 10 kN发动机及C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段
Fig.6 10 kN engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图7 B段C/C-SiC复合材料喷管延伸段安装照片<br/>Fig.7 Installation of B cone with C/C-SiC composite nozzle extension

图7 B段C/C-SiC复合材料喷管延伸段安装照片
Fig.7 Installation of B cone with C/C-SiC composite nozzle extension

图8 2 400 N发动机C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段热试车照片<br/>Fig.8 2 400 N engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension during the altitude hot-firing test

图8 2 400 N发动机C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段热试车照片
Fig.8 2 400 N engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension during the altitude hot-firing test

图9 远征三号5 000 N发动机C/SiC复合材料喷管<br/>Fig.9 5 000 N engine of YZ-3 with C/SiC composite nozzle

图9 远征三号5 000 N发动机C/SiC复合材料喷管
Fig.9 5 000 N engine of YZ-3 with C/SiC composite nozzle

图10 系列C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段产品照片<br/>Fig.10 A series of C/SiC composite nozzle extension products

图10 系列C/SiC复合材料喷管延伸段产品照片
Fig.10 A series of C/SiC composite nozzle extension products

图11 高室压10 kN复合材料(含喷管延伸段)发动机(a)力学试验和(b)高模热试车<br/>Fig.11 High chamber pressure 10 kN engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension during(a)the mecha-nical test and(b)altitude hot-firing test

图11 高室压10 kN复合材料(含喷管延伸段)发动机(a)力学试验和(b)高模热试车
Fig.11 High chamber pressure 10 kN engine with C/SiC composite nozzle extension during(a)the mecha-nical test and(b)altitude hot-firing test

图12 缠绕成型仿真过程及喷管延伸段产品照片<br/>Fig.12 Simulation process of winding molding and product of C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图12 缠绕成型仿真过程及喷管延伸段产品照片
Fig.12 Simulation process of winding molding and product of C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图13 缠绕成型过程及2 400 N C/SiC复合材料喷管照片<br/>Fig.13 Winding process and 2 400 N C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图13 缠绕成型过程及2 400 N C/SiC复合材料喷管照片
Fig.13 Winding process and 2 400 N C/SiC composite nozzle extension

图14 三维自动编织过程及10 kN喷管织物照片<br/>Fig.14 3D-automatic weaving process and 10 kKN nozzle weave

图14 三维自动编织过程及10 kN喷管织物照片
Fig.14 3D-automatic weaving process and 10 kKN nozzle weave

图15 三维针刺成型技术及织物照片<br/>Fig.15 3D-needling molding technology and weave

图15 三维针刺成型技术及织物照片
Fig.15 3D-needling molding technology and weave

图16 伪三维成型10 kKN复合材料喷管延伸段照片<br/>Fig.16 10 kKN engine with composite nozzle extension by quasi 3D-molding technology

图16 伪三维成型10 kKN复合材料喷管延伸段照片
Fig.16 10 kKN engine with composite nozzle extension by quasi 3D-molding technology

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备注

引言

1 国外研究及应用现状

2 国内研究及应用现状

3 复合材料喷管延伸段成型技术

4 复合材料喷管复合致密化技术

5 国内发展差距及建议

期刊信息